Heroínas con capa de enfermera. Paralelismo entre los cuidados bélicos de Florence Nightingale y Carmen Angoloti / Heroines with a nurse's cape. Parallelism between the war care of Florence Nightingale and Carmen Angoloti

El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar similitudes entre la labor desarrollada y las competencias enfermeras que Florence Nightingale y Carmen Angoloti prestaron durante la Guerra de Crimea y la Guerra del Rif respectivamente. Se ha realizado una revisión documental incluyendo biografías, memorias y periódicos de la época. Según metodología histórica, resulta en un estudio original de interés por el método analítico-sintético. Se ha podido constatar la relevancia del papel de ambas profesionales en la evolución de la profesión enfermera y su implantación en España, así como la evolución de la imagen social y relevancia de la enfermería de una época a otra. Se aprecian semejanzas como la importancia del apoyo monárquico para desarrollar la misión sanitaria, el desorden encontrado en los hospitales, establecimiento de reglas básicas de salud pública, orientación de los cuidados para cubrir las necesidades básicas de los heridos o las labores desempeñadas de gestión y administración de recursos (AU)

The aim of this thesis is to identify similarities between the work and nursing skills of Florence Nightingale and Carmen Angoloti during the Crimean War and the Rif War. A documentary review has been carried out, including biographies, memoirs and newspapers of the time. According to the historical methodology, it is an original study of interest through the analytical-synthetic method. The relevance of the role of both professionals in the evolution of the nursing profession and its establishment in Spain has been confirmed, as well as the evolution of the social image and relevance of nursing from one period to another. Similarities can be identified, such as the importance of monarchical support in the development of the health mission, the disorder found in hospitals, the establishment of basic public health rules, the orientation of care to meet the basic needs of the wounded and the work carried out in the management and administration of resources (AU)

Pies de Trinchera. La contribución de enfermería en la Guerra Civil Española / Trench Feet. The contribution of nursing in the Spanish Civil War

Objetivo principal: El propósito general de este estudio ha sido analizar la actuación de la enfermería durante el periodo de la guerra civil española. Para poder llevarlo a cabo se establecieron tres objetivos generales; conocer quiénes eran, describir su trabajo diario y reflexionar sobre las consecuencias que tuvo para ellas la participación en la contienda. Metodología: En un intento de dar voz a las protagonistas, se realiza una revisión de sus diarios, memorias autobiográficas y entrevistas, las cuales proporcionan una información muy valiosa, de primera mano, sobre la experiencia vivida. Se ha utilizado el método histórico ayudándonos de técnicas cualitativas como la observación documental. El resultado ha sido un estudio histórico, descriptivo y de carácter analítico-sintético. Resultados principales: Las mujeres tuvieron que trabajar en lugares inhóspitos como túneles clausurados, una cueva cerca del Ebro, una alquería en ruinas, etc. Los recursos de los que dispusieron escasearon sobre todo al final de la contienda lo que dificultó todavía mucho más su trabajo diario. Tuvieron que enfrentarse a las bombas, los piojos, el tifus, la disentería, al hambre, etc. Conclusión principal: Las condiciones extremas que vivieron dotaron al personal de enfermería de una mayor autonomía e independencia (AU)

Objective: The general purpose of this study has been to analyze the performance of nursing during the period of the Spanish civil war. In order to carry it out, three general objectives were established; know who they were, describe their daily work and reflect on the consequences that participation in the war had for them. Methods: In an attempt to give the protagonists a voice, a review of their diaries, autobiographical memoirs and interviews is carried out, which provide very valuable information, first-hand, about the lived experience. The historical method has been used with the help of qualitative techniques such as documentary observation. The result has been a historical, descriptive and analytical-synthetic study. Results: The women had to work in inhospitable places such as closed tunnels, a cave near the Ebro, a ruined farmhouse, etc. The resources available to them were scarce, especially at the end of the war, which made their daily work even more difficult. They had to face bombs, lice, typhus, dysentery, hunger, etc. Conclusions: The extreme conditions they experienced endowed the nursing staff with greater autonomy and independence (AU)

Pastoral subsistence and mounted fighting in the Eastern Tianshan Mountain region: New insights from the Shirenzigou worked bone assemblage.

Situated at a geographic crossroads, the eastern Tianshan Mountain region in northwest China is crucial to understanding various economic, social, and cultural developments on the Eurasian Steppes. One promising way to gain a better knowledge of ancient subsistence economy, craft production, and social change in the eastern Tianshan Mountain region is to study the artifact assemblages from archaeological contexts. Here, we present an analysis of 488 worked animal bones from the large site of Shirenzigou (ca. 1300-1 BCE), to date the largest assemblage of this kind uncovered in the eastern Tianshan Mountain region. We classified these worked bones into six categories, including "ritual objects", "ornaments", "tools", "worked astragali", "warfare and mobility", and "indeterminate". The identification of animal species and skeletal elements indicates that worked bones from Shirenzigou are characterized by a predominance of caprine products, particularly worked astragali, which is consistent with the large proportion of caprine fragments found in animal remains associated with food consumption. This demonstrates the contribution of caprine pastoralism to bone working activities at Shirenzigou. The making of most worked bones does not appear to have required advanced or specialized skills. Considering the absence of dedicated bone working space, alongside the variability in raw material selection and in dimensions of certain types of artifacts, we infer that worked bone production at Shirenzigou was not standardized. In terms of raw material selection and mode of production, Shirenzigou differed from their settled, farming counterparts in the Yellow River valley of northern China. In addition, along with the evidence for violence and horseback riding, the increasing use of bone artifacts associated with warfare and mobility during the late occupation phase of Shirenzigou reflects growing social instability and implies the likely emergence of single mounted horsemen, equipped with light armors, in the region during the late first millennium BCE. Our results provide new insights into animal resource exploitation and changing lifeways of early pastoral societies in the eastern Tianshan Mountain region, expanding our knowledge of the economic, social, and political milieu of late Bronze Age and early Iron Age eastern Eurasia.

Troubles in Tuva: Patterns of perimortem trauma in a nomadic community from Southern Siberia (second to fourth c. CE).

OBJECTIVES: Warfare is assumed to be one of the defining cultural characteristics of steppe nomads in Eastern Eurasia. For the first-centuries CE, a period of political turmoil in Northern China and Southern Siberia, relatively few data are, however, available about the degree and variability of violence in these communities. Here, we provide new data on violence among steppe nomads during the first-centuries CE by analyzing the type, anatomical distribution, and demographic distribution of perimortem trauma at Tunnug1 (Tuva, Southern Siberia-second to fourth c. CE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Perimortem traumas were assessed on 87 individuals representing both sexes and different age classes. The timing of the lesions was assessed based on morphological criteria, including the absence and presence of bone reactive processes and the relative plasticity of the bone at the moment of impact. The distribution by age, sex, and anatomical location of trauma was analyzed by means of logistic models, Fisher's exact tests, and 3D visualizations. RESULTS: A total of 130 perimortem traumas, including chop marks, slice marks, penetrating lesions, and blunt traumas were identified on 22 individuals. Chop marks were mostly at the level of the skull and vertebrae and were likely caused by bladed weapons. Slice marks were found on the cervical vertebrae and cranium and may be the result of throat slitting and scalping by means of smaller bladed implements. Traumas were more frequent in males, and their presence is not correlated with age. DISCUSSION: This study adds new data to the few available regarding violence among steppe nomadic cultures and provides new insights about the effects of political instability on the life of the people inhabiting Eastern Eurasia during the early centuries CE.

The character of conflict: A bioarchaeological study of violence in the Nasca highlands of Peru during the Late Intermediate Period (950-1450 C.E.).

OBJECTIVES: This study uses osteological and radiocarbon datasets combined with formal quantitative analyses to test hypotheses concerning the character of conflict in the Nasca highlands during the Late Intermediate Period (LIP, 950-1450 C.E.). We develop and test osteological expectations regarding what patterns should be observed if violence was characterized by intragroup violence, ritual conflict, intermittent raiding, or internecine warfare. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Crania (n = 267) were examined for antemortem and perimortem, overkill, and critical trauma. All age groups and both sexes are represented in the sample. One hundred twenty-four crania were AMS dated, allowing a detailed analysis of diachronic patterns in violence among various demographic groups. RESULTS: Thirty-eight percent (102/267) of crania exhibit some form of cranial trauma, a significant increase from the preceding Middle Horizon era. There are distinct trauma frequencies within the three subphases of the LIP, but Phase III (1300-1450 C.E.) exhibits the highest frequencies of all trauma types. Males exhibit significantly more antemortem trauma than females, but both exhibit similar perimortem trauma rates. DISCUSSION: There was chronic, internecine warfare throughout the Late Intermediate Period with important variations in violence throughout the three temporal phases. Evidence for heterogeneity in violent mortality shows a pattern consistent with social substitutability, whereby any and all members of the Nasca highland population were appropriate targets for lethal and sublethal violence. We argue that by testing hypotheses regarding the targets and types of conflict we are better able to explain the causes and consequences of human conflict.

Las heridas de guerra de África (1858-1926) en el ejército español, con especial referencia al conocido como desastre de Annual / The war wounds of Africa (1858-1926) in the spanish army, with special reference to the known as Annual disaster

Los diferentes episodios de guerra acontecidos en el norte de África en los territorios de la región del Rif, actualmente territorio deMarruecos, con la participación del ejército español en la época del Protectorado de España, ocasionó en las partes beligerantes,numerosos muertos y también heridos. Por la características del enemigo, su forma de combatir y las armas empleadas originaronen el lado español, unas lesiones peculiares ocasionadas fundamentalmente por heridas de bala de fusil y en ocasiones de armablanca. No obstante, habría que añadir las heridas por bala de cañón en especial después del episodio de Annual, al disponer elenemigo rifeño de artillería. El ejército español tenía una Sanidad Militar estructurada con atención del herido en el campo debatalla, puestos de socorro, hospitales de evacuación y los de las ciudades, en especial Ceuta y Melilla. Los medios de trasporte delos heridos y enfermos fueron variados e iban desde la simple camilla, pasando por artolas hasta las ambulancias motorizadas. Lasheridas teniendo en cuenta la época en que se originaron, en muchos casos fueron mortales y raro fue el combatiente, sobre todo dela oficialidad que no fueron heridos en una o varias ocasiones. Se analizan en la publicación todos los aspectos relacionados con la atención de estos enfermos. (AU)

The different episodes of war that took place in North Africa in the territories of the Rif region, currently the territory of Morocco,with the participation of the Spanish army at the time of the Protectorate of Spain, caused numerous deaths and injuries to thebelligerent parties. . Due to the characteristics of the enemy, their way of fighting and the weapons used, on the Spanish side, peculiar injuries originated, mainly caused by rifle bullet wounds and sometimes by knives. However, the cannonball wounds should beadded, especially after the Annual episode, as the Riffian enemy had artillery. The Spanish army had a structured Military HealthCare for the wounded on the battlefield, aid stations, evacuation hospitals and those in the cities, especially Ceuta and Melilla.The means of transporting the wounded and sick were varied and ranged from the simple stretcher, through artolas to motorizedambulances. The injuries taking into account the time in which they originated, in many cases were fatal and the combatant wasrare, especially from the officers who were not injured on one or more occasions. All aspects related to the care of these patients are analyzed in the publication. (AU)

The Earth's magnetic field in Jerusalem during the Babylonian destruction: A unique reference for field behavior and an anchor for archaeomagnetic dating.

Paleomagnetic analysis of archaeological materials is crucial for understanding the behavior of the geomagnetic field in the past. As it is often difficult to accurately date the acquisition of magnetic information recorded in archaeological materials, large age uncertainties and discrepancies are common in archaeomagnetic datasets, limiting the ability to use these data for geomagnetic modeling and archaeomagnetic dating. Here we present an accurately dated reconstruction of the intensity and direction of the field in Jerusalem in August, 586 BCE, the date of the city's destruction by fire by the Babylonian army, which marks the end of the Iron Age in the Levant. We analyzed 54 floor segments, of unprecedented construction quality, unearthed within a large monumental structure that had served as an elite or public building and collapsed during the conflagration. From the reconstructed paleomagnetic directions, we conclude that the tilted floor segments had originally been part of the floor of the second story of the building and cooled after they had collapsed. This firmly connects the time of the magnetic acquisition to the date of the destruction. The relatively high field intensity, corresponding to virtual axial dipole moment (VADM) of 148.9 ± 3.9 ZAm2, accompanied by a geocentric axial dipole (GAD) inclination and a positive declination of 8.3°, suggests instability of the field during the 6th century BCE and redefines the duration of the Levantine Iron Age Anomaly. The narrow dating of the geomagnetic reconstruction enabled us to constrain the age of other Iron Age finds and resolve a long archaeological and historical discussion regarding the role and dating of royal Judean stamped jar handles. This demonstrates how archaeomagnetic data derived from historically-dated destructions can serve as an anchor for archaeomagnetic dating and its particular potency for periods in which radiocarbon is not adequate for high resolution dating.

Incidence of haematological malignancies in Kosovo-A post "uranium war" concern.

BACKGROUND: During the Kosovo War (1998-99) approximately 31,000 rounds with Depleted Uranium (DU) were fired on 85 targets in Kosovo. The number of haematological malignancies (HM) increased after the war and the concern was the use of DU during the war. The aim of this study was to analyse the incidence rates of HM in Kosovo throughout a 20-year that includes pre- and post- war period (1995-2015); and to examine if there is any association between the use of DU rounds and incidence rates of HM in different regions of Kosovo. METHODS: In this retrospective register-based study, 1,798 new patients diagnosed with leukaemia, Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Multiple myeloma were analysed over a 20 year period. Incidence rates were calculated focusing on specific time periods, regions and age-groups. In addition, the correlation between the use of DU in different regions and their incidence of HM was analysed. RESULTS: The average annual crude rate of all HM in Kosovo was 5.02 cases per 100,000 persons. Incidence rates of HM in first post-war period (2000-2003) increased by 0.37 cases/100,000 persons (9.51%) compared to the pre-war period (1995-1998) whereas in the last post-war period (2012-2015), incidence of HM increased by 3.19/100,000 persons (82%). Gjakova and Peja, the first and third most exposed regions to DU ordnance ranked first and second in difference in HM. Prishtina, Gjilan and Ferizaj, regions with the least number of rounds/km2, were characterized by a decline of incidence rates. CONCLUSIONS: After the war, the increase in incidence rate of HM was higher in two regions with most DU rounds/km2 expended Despite these findings, this study warrants further investigation and does not lead us to a conclusive finding on the existence of a causal relationship between the use of DU during the war and the rise in incidence of HM in Kosovo.

Navegación e historia de la ciencia: el hundimiento del Gustloff (Derecho de la Guerra) / Navigation and history of science: the sinking of the Gustloff (The Laws of War)

Al inicio de 1945 el terror se apoderó del Tercer Reich cuando el Ejército Rojo comenzó a invadir los territorios orientales de Prusia, Polonia, Curlandia y Memel. Los mandos de la Marina de Guerra alemana (Kriegsmarine) eran conscientes de que la guerra estaba perdida y de que los civiles serían masacrados por las tropas soviéticas y los nativos eslavos en búsqueda de venganza. De ese modo, decidieron destinar todos sus buques disponibles al Mar Báltico para evacuar a más de 2 millones de soldados, heridos, mujeres, niños, ancianos, colaboracionistas y prisioneros en un heroico episodio que sería conocido con el nombre de Operación Hannibal. El buque KdF Wilhelm Gustloff fue trágico testigo de lo que allí sucedía

At the beginning of 1945, terror invaded the Third Reich when the Red Army began to invade the eastern territories of Prussia, Poland, Courland and Memel. The high command of the German Navy (Kriegsmarine) were aware that the war was lost and that civilians would be slaughtered by Soviet troops and Slavic natives in search of revenge. Thus, they decided to allocate all their available ships to the Baltic Sea to evacuate more than 2 million soldiers, wounded, women, children, elderly, collaborators and prisoners in a heroic episode that would be known as "Operation Hannibal." The ship KdF Wilhelm Gustloff was a tragic witness to what was happening there

Miniaturization optimized weapon killing power during the social stress of late pre-contact North America (AD 600-1600).

Before Europeans arrived to Eastern North America, prehistoric, indigenous peoples experienced a number of changes that culminated in the development of sedentary, maize agricultural lifeways of varying complexity. Inherent to these lifeways were several triggers of social stress including population nucleation and increase, intergroup conflict (warfare), and increased territoriality. Here, we examine whether this period of social stress co-varied with deadlier weaponry, specifically, the design of the most commonly found prehistoric archery component in late pre-contact North America: triangular stone arrow tips (TSAT). The examination of modern metal or carbon projectiles, arrows, and arrowheads has demonstrated that smaller arrow tips penetrate deeper into a target than do larger ones. We first experimentally confirm that this relationship applies to arrow tips made from stone hafted onto shafts made from wood. We then statistically assess a large sample (n = 742) of late pre-contact TSAT and show that these specimens are extraordinarily small. Thus, by miniaturizing their arrow tips, prehistoric people in Eastern North America optimized their projectile weaponry for maximum penetration and killing power in warfare and hunting. Finally, we verify that these functional advantages were selected across environmental and cultural boundaries. Thus, while we cannot and should not rule out stochastic, production economizing, or non-adaptive cultural processes as an explanation for TSAT, overall our results are consistent with the hypothesis that broad, socially stressful demographic changes in late pre-contact Eastern North America resulted in the miniaturization-and augmented lethality-of stone tools across the region.

The powers of masculinization in humanitarian storytelling: the case of the surgeon María Gómez Álvarez in the Varsovia Hospital (Toulouse, 1944-1950).

This contribution is focused on analysing the power of 'masculinization' through which traditional humanitarian storytelling has been shaped. Strongly marked by a patriarchal vision, humanitarian accounts have traditionally hidden the work of women while stressing that performed by men, who appeared represented as true protagonists and, even, as heroes. In particular, this article analyses the professional career of a Spanish female surgeon named María Gómez (1914-1975) between 1944 and 1950, when she worked in a small charitable hospital based in Toulouse (France) for improving the health-care conditions of Spanish Republican refugees. Known as Hospital Varsovia or as Walter B. Cannon Memorial Hospital in the United States, it was supported by several humanitarian agencies, such as the Unitarian Service Committee (USC) and the Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee (JAFRC). In order to get funds, both entities filmed a propaganda documentary in 1946, Spain in Exile, which deliberately ignored Gómez's work as a surgeon in this hospital. By examining this visual record, this article attempts to reconstruct the life and the professional career of this female physician, which was at the crossroads of the Spanish Civil War, the Second World War and the ideological polarization emerging in the Cold War period.

Patterns of trauma across Andean South America: New discoveries and advances in interpretation.

In his review article John W. Verano covered trauma, warfare, trophy taking, and human sacrifice, but his discussion mostly focused on the results of studies of museum or private collections and the recent discovery of the mass human sacrifice from Huaca de la Luna. Due to the renewed interest in the paleopathology of South America, a trend which Verano observed, these types of investigations have grown exponentially in the past twenty years since his initial publication. Here we synthesize the published data on the study and interpretation of traumatic injuries across time and space and we tease out some of the themes that have emerged in the twenty odd years since the seminal paper written by Verano. We searched and analyzed publications from 1997 to 2017 that pertained specifically to Andean South America through the review of library databases and then narrowed our search to trauma-related topics. In our literature review and meta-analysis of published studies on traumatic injuries, we found that nearly one-third of publications related to the field of paleopathology in Andean South America dealt with subjects we classified under trauma (N = 116/378), such as trephination, violence, sacrifice, warfare, etc. Large sample sizes, population-focused research, advances in methods of analysis, and hypothesis driven investigations have led to sophisticated and nuanced interpretations along a wide range of themes so that we understand a great deal more about violence, sacrifice, trephination, warfare and their sociopolitical and environmental contexts in prehistoric and early colonial Andean South America.

The introduction of gas warfare and its medical response in world war one.

The introduction of gas warfare in World War One was impactful, as it both expanded the breadth of warfare and fueled the invention of techniques required to treat these new injuries. Gas injuries were responsible for 91,000 of 1.3 million deaths in World War One. Gassed soldiers had wounds which the world had never seen. They presented in large scale to medical tents and base hospitals across Europe. As gas casualties poured in, doctors and nurses had to treat these conditions in the best way they knew. Gas warfare changed how war was performed and how casualties of this attack were treated. The techniques learned from treating the multitudes of men with gas burns led to advances in the field of burn care, which have helped to improve mortality and reduce morbidity in hospitals across the world.

Por una antropología del recuerdo. Historia oral de los cuidados durante la Guerra Civil / For an anthropology of memory. Oral history of care during the Civil War

OBJETIVO: reconstruir las condiciones sociosanitarias experimentadas durante la Guerra Civil a través de la historia oral de sus últimos testigos vivos, los nonagenarios que entonces eran niños. METODOLOGÍA: se empleó un enfoque fenomenológico utilizando como diseño de investigación los testimonios focalizados recogidos a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a seis nonagenarios que durante la Guerra Civil presentaban entre seis y diez años. Resultados principales: los informantes hacen una reconstrucción oral del recuerdo centrado en aspectos como las experiencias traumáticas (bombardeos, reclutamientos, ejecuciones), las condiciones sociales (hambre, refugiados, educación), el cuidado, y la vivencia de la infancia. Conclusión principal: los relatos muestran las dramáticas situaciones vividas durante este complicado periodo de la historia de España, experiencias que, sin embargo, no lograron robar totalmente la infancia a aquellos niños que ahora son nonagenarios

OBJECTIVE: the objective of the article has been to reconstruct the social and health conditions experienced during the Civil War through the oral history of its last living witnesses, the nonagenarians who were then children. METHODS: A phenomenological approach was used, using as research design the focused testimonies collected through semi-structured interviews carried out with six nonagenarians who were between six and ten years old during the Civil War. RESULTS: the informants make an oral reconstruction of the memory focused on aspects such as traumatic experiences (bombings, recruits, executions), social conditions (hunger, refugees, education), care, and the experience of childhood. CONCLUSIONS: the stories show the dramatic situations experienced during this complicated period in the history of Spain, experiences that, however, did not completely steal childhood from those children who are now in their early thirties

Ciencia en el Madrid del "no pasarán". La protección de las colecciones de Historia Natural y el Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Naturales durante la Guerra Civil / Science in No Pasarán Madrid. The protection of the collections of Natural History and the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Naturales during the Civil War (1936-1939)

Los edificios culturales y científicos de Madrid se vieron muy perjudicados por la guerra civil española (1936-1939). Madrid fue una ciudad asediada y bombardeada por los sublevados. En la capital se encontraban los más importantes museos, la Biblioteca Nacional y las principales instituciones científicas y de humanidades, en donde trabajaban los más relevantes investigadores de la época. A comienzos de la guerra tuvo lugar la incautación de bibliotecas y colecciones de ciencias naturales en palacios y edificios pertenecientes a aristócratas, financieros, personas contrarias a la República y colegios de religiosos. Los naturalistas del Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Naturales organizaron la conservación y protección de las colecciones biológicas, mientras que bombas y obuses impactaban en las instituciones científicas de la zona republicana

The cultural and scientific buildings of Madrid were severely damaged by the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). Madrid was a city besieged and bombed by the rebels. In the capital were the most important museums, the National Library and the main scientific and humanities institutions, where the most important researchers of the time worked. At the beginning of the war the confiscation of libraries and collections of natural sciences took place in palaces and buildings belonging to aristocrats, financiers, people opposed to the Republic and religious schools. The naturalists of the National Institute of Natural Sciences organized the conservation and protection of the biological collections, while bombs and howitzers fell on the scientific institutions of the republican zone

Asistencia sanitaria y salud pública en Talavera de la Reina durante la Guerra Civil (1936-1939) / Health Care and Public Health in Talavera de la Reina during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)

El presente trabajo pretende analizar de forma integrada los efectos de la guerra civil española sobre la población y los servicios sanitarios de Talavera de la Reina, ciudad clave en el desarrollo de la contienda debido a su ubicación geográfica entre Andalucía occidental, Extremadura y Madrid. Para ello, se ha trabajado con documentación del Archivo Municipal de Talavera de la Reina, del Archivo del Centro Secundario de Higiene Rural de Talavera de la Reina, del Archivo Histórico Provincial de Toledo y del Archivo General Militar de Ávila. En primer lugar, se presenta el grupo de cinco hospitales militares que funcionaron en la ciudad, su organización y actividad, reconstruida a partir de los diferentes modelos de fichas utilizadas. La actividad preventiva se analiza desde dos puntos de vista, las órdenes emanadas de la autoridad militar, centradas en la higiene, alimentación y prevención de enfermedades infecciosas, y las actuaciones llevadas a cabo por las autoridades locales, centradas en asegurar un correcto abastecimiento de agua y recogida de residuos. Además, se expone la situación insalubre de las prisiones de la ciudad, siendo un claro ejemplo del estado sanitario del momento

This work aims to comprehensively analyse the effects of the Spanish civil war on the population and the sanitary services of Talavera de la Reina, a key city in the development of the contest due to its geographic location between Andalusia Western, Extremadura and Madrid. To this end, he has worked with documentation of the Municipal Archives of Talavera de la Reina, the archive of the secondary Centre of Rural hygiene in Talavera de la Reina, the Provincial historical archive of Toledo and the military general archive of Ávila. First, appears the Group of five military hospitals that operated in the city, its organization and activity, reconstructed from different models used chips. Preventive activity is analysed from two points of view, the orders emanating from the military authority, with a focus on hygiene, food and prevention of infectious diseases, and the actions carried out by the local authorities, centred ensure a proper water supply and waste collection. In addition, exposed the unhealthy situation in prisons in the city, is a clear example of the State of the health of the moment

France's "année terrible" of the Franco-Prussian War and Paris Commune, 150 years ago, and some remarkable neurologists at the time

Franco-Prussian War started 150 years ago, and it was a short but a tragic turning point to France as a whole, but also a challenging moment for medicine and some outstanding French neurologists. Besides, a new continental European power emerged, consolidating German as a united state. Two Parisian sieges at this time, from the Prussian and that related to the Communards, struggled the Parisian health status. In Medicine, the wounded and diseased health care disorganized logistics were carried out through the military, municipal and civil health services subdivided into mobile ambulances and fixed hospitals. The novel Cross Red ambulances took part. Moreover, anesthesia and antiseptic surgery were applied, but they were in their beginnings. The Faculty of Medicine of Paris physicians were charged with the subsidiary health care of the population, among them Jean-Martin Charcot. Some of them added to the patient care the meetings at the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Medicine. Many outstanding neurologists participated at this task force besides Charcot, such as Charles Lasègue, Edmé Felix Alfred Vulpian, Désiré-Magloire Bourneville, AlixJoffroy, Fulgence Raymond, Jules Joseph Déjerine and Henri Duret

A guerra franco-prussiana começou há 150 anos e foi um período curto, mas trágico, para a França como um todo, mas também um momento desafiador para a medicina e alguns neurologistas franceses de destaque. Além disso, uma nova potência da Europa continental emergiu, consolidando a Alemanha como um estado unido. Dois cercos parisienses naquela época, dos prussianos e o relacionado aos "communards", lutavam contra o estado de saúde parisiense. Em Medicina, a logística desorganizada dos serviços de saúde, de cuidados aos feridos e doentes, foi realizada através dos serviços de saúde militar, municipal e civil subdivididos em ambulâncias móveis e hospitais fixos. As novas ambulâncias da Cruz Vermelha participaram. Além disso, anestesia e cirurgia anti-séptica foram aplicadas, mas estavam no início. Os médicos da Faculdade de Medicina de Paris foram encarregados dos cuidados subsidiários de saúde da população, entre eles Jean-Martin Charcot. Alguns deles acrescentaram ao atendimento aos pacientes, as reuniões da Academia de Ciências e da Academia de Medicina. Muitos neurologistas de destaque participaram dessa força-tarefa além de Charcot, como Charles Lasègue, Edmé Felix Alfred Vulpian, Désiré-Magloire Bourneville, AlixJoffroy, Fulgence Raymond, Jules Joseph Déjerine e Henri Duret

The Nurses No-One Remembers: Looking for Spanish Nurses in Accounts of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939).

Accounts of Spanish nursing and nurses during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) that appear in the memoirs and correspondence of International Brigade volunteers, and are subsequently repeated in the secondary literature on the war, give little indication of existence of trained nurses in country. We set out to examine this apparent erasure of the long tradition of skilled nursing in Spain and the invisibility of thousands of Spanish nurses engaged in the war effort. We ask two questions: How can we understand the narrative thrust of the international volunteer accounts and subsequent historiography? And what was the state of nursing in Spain on the Republican side during the war as presented by Spanish participants and historians? We put the case that the narrative erasure of Spanish professional nursing prior to the Civil War was the result of the politicization of nursing under the Second Republic, its repression and reengineering under the Franco dictatorship, and the subsequent national policy of "oblivion" or forgetting that dominated the country during the transition to democracy. This policy silenced the stories of veteran nurses and prevented an examination of the impact of the Civil War on the Spanish nursing profession.